EduAir Class 10 English, Lesson: “A Letter to God”
Class 10 English, Lesson: “A Letter to God”
Class 10 English, Lesson: “A Letter to God” – By Gregorio López y Fuentes
Thinking about the Text – Oral Comprehension Check (Page 5)
Q1. What did Lencho hope for? Ans: Lencho hoped for rain or a shower to water his crops.
Q2. Why did Lencho say the raindrops were like ‘new coins’? Ans: Lencho said the raindrops were like ‘new coins’ because they would help in a good harvest, bringing him money.
Q3. How did the rain change? What happened to Lencho’s fields? Ans: The rain turned into a hailstorm. It destroyed all of Lencho’s crops in the field.
Q4. What were Lencho’s feelings when the hail stopped? Ans: Lencho was very sad and worried. He believed they would go hungry without the harvest.
🟡 Intermediate Level (Text-Based Questions with Interpretation)
Thinking about the Text (Page 7)
Q1. Who or what did Lencho have faith in? What did he do? Ans: Lencho had faith in God. He wrote a letter to God asking for 100 pesos to survive and sow his field again.
Q2. Who read the letter? What did the postmaster do then? Ans: The postmaster read Lencho’s letter. He was impressed by Lencho’s faith and decided to help. He collected money from his colleagues and gave it to Lencho.
Q3. Was Lencho surprised to find a letter for him with money in it? Ans: No, Lencho was not surprised. He had strong faith in God and expected a reply.
Q4. What made him angry? Ans: Lencho became angry when he found only 70 pesos in the envelope instead of the 100 he had asked for. He believed God sent the full amount but the post office employees stole the rest.
Q1. Why does the postmaster send money to Lencho? Why does he sign the letter ‘God’? Ans: The postmaster sends money to Lencho out of kindness and to keep Lencho’s faith in God alive. He signs the letter as ‘God’ to make Lencho believe that his prayer had truly been answered.
Q2. Did Lencho try to find out who had sent the money to him? Why/Why not? Ans: No, Lencho did not try to find out. His faith in God was so strong that he didn’t doubt the source. He believed only God could have sent the money.
Q3. What irony is there in the ending of the story? (Think about the contrast between what Lencho expected and what really happened.) Ans: The irony is that Lencho thought the post office employees were dishonest, while they were the ones who actually helped him out of kindness. This shows dramatic irony—the reader knows the truth, but the character doesn’t.
Q4. What kind of a person is Lencho? Ans: Lencho is a poor but hardworking and honest farmer. He has strong faith in God but is also naive. He cannot imagine that ordinary people would help him, so he assumes only God would.
📗 Vocabulary & Word Notes (With Meanings)
Word/Phrase
Meaning
House – the only one in the entire valley
Refers to Lencho’s isolated home.
During the meal
While eating.
The older boys were working
The elder sons were helping with the farming.
Huge mountains of clouds
Very dark, heavy clouds that bring rain.
Raindrops
Drops of rain.
Coins (used metaphorically)
Raindrops were compared to coins as they bring wealth (through crops).
Suddenly a strong wind began to blow
Change of weather; turning into a storm.
Hailstones
Small balls of ice falling like rain.
It’s during the meal that
Refers to something happening while eating.
Wrinkling his brow
Expression of worry.
Conscience
Inner sense of right or wrong.
Transparent
Clear, not hiding anything.
Resolution
Firm decision to do something.
📘 NCERT Textual Question-Answers
🔹 Page 5 – Oral Comprehension Check
Q1. What did Lencho hope for? Ans: Lencho hoped for rain to water his crops so that he could have a good harvest.
Q2. Why did Lencho say the raindrops were like ‘new coins’? Ans: He said so because the rain would help in a good harvest, which would bring money like coins.
Q3. How did the rain change? What happened to Lencho’s fields? Ans: The rain turned into a hailstorm. All the crops in Lencho’s field were destroyed.
Q4. What were Lencho’s feelings when the hail stopped? Ans: Lencho was heartbroken and worried. He feared his family would go hungry.
🔹 Page 6 – Oral Comprehension Check
Q1. Who or what did Lencho have faith in? What did he do? Ans: Lencho had faith in God. He wrote a letter to God asking for 100 pesos to recover from his loss.
Q2. Who read the letter? What did the postmaster do then? Ans: The postmaster read the letter and decided to help. He collected money from the employees and sent it to Lencho.
🔹 Page 7 – Oral Comprehension Check
Q1. Was Lencho surprised to find a letter for him with money in it? Ans: No, he had strong faith in God and believed that God would help him.
Q2. What made him angry? Ans: He got angry when he received only 70 pesos instead of 100. He thought the post office employees had stolen the rest.
🔹 Thinking About the Text
Q1. What did the postmaster do after reading the letter? Ans: He laughed at first but then became serious. He admired Lencho’s faith and decided to collect money to help him.
Q2. Why did Lencho write a second letter to God? Ans: He wrote a second letter to complain that God had sent only 70 pesos instead of 100, and he requested the rest. He asked God not to send it through the post office, as he thought the post office workers were thieves.
Q3. What is the irony in the story? Ans: The irony is that Lencho believed the post office workers were dishonest, while they were the ones who helped him out of kindness.
🔹 Character Sketch: Lencho
A hardworking farmer.
Deep faith in God.
Honest, simple, but naive.
Believes in divine help over human help.
🟢 Very Short Answer Questions (1 Mark)
(Answer in one sentence)
Who is the author of “A Letter to God”? ➤ Gregorio López y Fuentes
What was Lencho’s profession? ➤ He was a farmer.
Where was Lencho’s house located? ➤ On the top of a hill in a valley.
What did Lencho hope for? ➤ Rainfall for his crops.
What destroyed Lencho’s crops? ➤ A hailstorm.
How much money did Lencho ask from God? ➤ 100 pesos.
How much money did he receive? ➤ 70 pesos.
Whom did Lencho blame for stealing the money? ➤ The post office employees.
How did Lencho send his letter? ➤ He posted it at the post office.
What did Lencho call the raindrops? ➤ New coins.
🟡 Short Answer Questions (2–3 Marks)
(Answer in 30–50 words)
Why did Lencho become unhappy after the hailstorm? ➤ Lencho became unhappy because the hailstorm destroyed all his crops. He feared that his family would starve and that there would be no harvest left.
Why did Lencho write a letter to God? ➤ Lencho wrote a letter to God asking for 100 pesos. He believed only God could help him overcome his loss and survive the difficult time.
What did the postmaster do after reading Lencho’s letter? ➤ The postmaster was amazed by Lencho’s faith. He collected money from his employees and friends to help Lencho and sent it in an envelope signed as “God.”
What was Lencho’s reaction after receiving the money? ➤ Lencho was not surprised to receive money but got angry when he found only 70 pesos. He believed God sent 100 pesos, and the rest was stolen by post office workers.
What does the story teach us? ➤ The story teaches us about strong faith, hope in adversity, human kindness, and dramatic irony. It also warns against blind faith and assumptions.
🔵 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
(Choose the correct answer)
What was the only thing the earth needed according to Lencho? a) Fertilizers b) Rain c) Sunlight d) Seeds ✅ Answer: b) Rain
What did Lencho compare the large raindrops to? a) Pearls b) Ice c) Silver coins d) New coins ✅ Answer: d) New coins
What destroyed the crops in Lencho’s field? a) Earthquake b) Drought c) Hailstorm d) Flood ✅ Answer: c) Hailstorm
How much money did the postmaster collect for Lencho? a) 100 pesos b) 50 pesos c) 80 pesos d) 70 pesos ✅ Answer: d) 70 pesos
What did Lencho call the people in the post office? a) Helpers b) Honest men c) Thieves d) Priests ✅ Answer: c) Thieves
Why did the postmaster send money to Lencho? a) To earn reward b) To save his job c) To help him and keep his faith in God d) To show off ✅ Answer: c) To help him and keep his faith in God
Where did Lencho drop the letter? a) In a well b) At the church c) At the post office d) At his friend’s house ✅ Answer: c) At the post office
Here’s a paragraph-wise comprehension guide for the Class 10 English (SEBA) lesson “A Letter to God”, based on the NCERT Beehive textbook. Each section includes comprehension questions from every paragraph along with answers — perfect for classroom or self-study use!
✨ Paragraph 1:
“The house – the only one in the entire valley – sat on the crest of a low hill…”
Comprehension Questions:
Where was Lencho’s house located? ➤ On the top (crest) of a low hill in a valley.
Why did the older boys work in the field? ➤ To help Lencho with farming.
What were the younger boys doing? ➤ Playing near the house.
✨ Paragraph 2:
“It was during the meal that, as Lencho had predicted…”
Comprehension Questions:
What happened during the meal? ➤ It began to rain, just as Lencho had predicted.
How did Lencho describe the falling raindrops? ➤ He described them as new coins.
✨ Paragraph 3:
“With a satisfied expression he regarded the sky…”
Comprehension Questions:
How did Lencho feel when it started raining? ➤ He was happy and satisfied.
What change occurred in the weather? ➤ The rain suddenly turned into a hailstorm.
✨ Paragraph 4:
“It’s really during the meal that…the field was white…”
Comprehension Questions:
How severe was the hailstorm? ➤ It was so severe that the fields looked as if they were covered with salt.
What happened to the crops? ➤ They were completely destroyed.
✨ Paragraph 5:
“It’s during the meal that, as Lencho had predicted…”
Comprehension Questions:
How did Lencho react after the storm? ➤ He was deeply worried and felt that God had to help them.
What did Lencho and his family fear? ➤ That they would go hungry due to crop loss.
✨ Paragraph 6:
“During the night, Lencho thought only of his one hope…”
Comprehension Questions:
What was Lencho’s only hope? ➤ Help from God.
What did he decide to do? ➤ Write a letter to God asking for help.
✨ Paragraph 7:
“God: if you don’t help me…”
Comprehension Questions:
How much money did Lencho ask for? ➤ 100 pesos.
Why did he need the money? ➤ To sow his field again and to feed his family.
✨ Paragraph 8:
“He wrote ‘To God’ on the envelope…”
Comprehension Questions:
Where did Lencho post the letter? ➤ At the town post office.
How was the letter addressed? ➤ To God.
✨ Paragraph 9:
“One of the employees, who was a postman…”
Comprehension Questions:
How did the postman react to the letter? ➤ He laughed and showed it to the postmaster.
What was the postmaster’s reaction? ➤ He was touched by Lencho’s faith and decided to help.
✨ Paragraph 10:
“It was during the meal that, as Lencho had predicted…”
Comprehension Questions:
What did the postmaster decide to do? ➤ He collected money to help Lencho.
How much did he manage to collect? ➤ A little more than half (70 pesos).
✨ Paragraph 11:
“The following Sunday, at daybreak…”
Comprehension Questions:
What did Lencho do the following Sunday? ➤ He went to the post office to see if there was a letter from God.
How did he react on receiving the money? ➤ He was not surprised but got angry when he found 30 pesos missing.
✨ Paragraph 12:
“God: Of the money that I asked for…”
Comprehension Questions:
What did Lencho write in his second letter? ➤ He complained to God about receiving only 70 pesos.
What did he say about the post office employees? ➤ He called them “a bunch of crooks.”
📘 SEBA Model Questions & Answers: “A Letter to God”
🔹 1-Mark Questions (Very Short Answer)
Who is the author of “A Letter to God”? Ans: Gregorio López y Fuentes.
What did Lencho hope for? Ans: He hoped for rain to water his crops.
How much money did Lencho request from God? Ans: One hundred pesos.
How much money did Lencho receive? Ans: Seventy pesos.
What did Lencho call the post office employees? Ans: “A bunch of crooks.”
🔹 2-Mark Questions (Short Answer)
Why did Lencho compare the raindrops to ‘new coins’? Ans: Because he believed the rain would yield a good harvest, bringing him wealth.
What was Lencho’s reaction upon receiving the money? Ans: He was angry to find only seventy pesos and believed the post office employees had stolen the rest.
Why did the postmaster decide to help Lencho? Ans: He was moved by Lencho’s faith in God and wanted to assist him.
🔹 3-Mark Questions (Short Answer)
Describe Lencho’s character. Ans: Lencho was a hardworking and faithful farmer who believed deeply in God. His unwavering faith led him to write a letter to God seeking help after his crops were destroyed.
Explain the irony in the story. Ans: The irony lies in Lencho’s belief that God sent him money, while he suspects the honest post office employees—who actually helped him—of theft.
🔹 4-Mark Questions (Long Answer)
Discuss the role of the postmaster in the story. Ans: The postmaster is a compassionate individual who, upon reading Lencho’s letter to God, is touched by his faith. He collects money from his colleagues to help Lencho, demonstrating human kindness and empathy.
What does the story teach about faith and human nature? Ans: The story highlights the power of unwavering faith and the innate goodness in people. While Lencho’s faith in God is profound, the postmaster’s actions show that humans can be instruments of divine help.
🔹 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
What did Lencho hope for? a) A new house b) Rain for his crops c) A job in the city d) A visit from relatives Ans: b) Rain for his crops
How much money did Lencho receive? a) 100 pesos b) 70 pesos c) 50 pesos d) 30 pesos Ans: b) 70 pesos
Who read Lencho’s letter at the post office? a) The mailman b) The postmaster c) A customer d) The clerk Ans: b) The postmaster
What did Lencho call the post office employees? a) Angels b) Thieves c) Friends d) Helpers Ans: b) Thieves
What is the main theme of the story? a) Adventure b) Faith and human kindness c) Technology d) Education Ans: b) Faith and human kindness
English Grammar used in this chapter
🔵 1. SIMPLE PAST TENSE
✅ Definition:
The Simple Past Tense is used to describe completed actions or events that happened in the past.
🛠️ Structure:
Subject + Verb (past form) + object
🧠 Usage:
To describe a finished action in the past.
To tell a story or sequence of events.
Often used with time expressions like yesterday, last year, in 2023, etc.
📘 Examples from “A Letter to God”:
It was during the meal that, as Lencho had predicted, big drops of rain began to fall.
The house – the only one in the valley – sat on the crest of a low hill.
The following Sunday, at daybreak, he came earlier than usual to ask if there was a letter for him.
🟣 2. PAST PERFECT TENSE
✅ Definition:
The Past Perfect Tense describes an action that was completed before another past action or point in time.
🛠️ Structure:
Subject + had + past participle (V3) + object
🧠 Usage:
To show the earlier of two past actions.
Often used with Simple Past Tense to indicate which action happened first.
Signal words: before, after, already, by the time, as soon as, when, etc.
📘 Examples from “A Letter to God”:
As Lencho had predicted, big drops of rain began to fall. → (Prediction happened first, rain followed)
It was during the meal that, as Lencho had predicted, big drops of rain began to fall. → (Prediction = earlier past, rain began = later past)
🔄 Comparison of Both Tenses
Aspect
Simple Past
Past Perfect
Action timing
One completed action in the past
One earlier action before another past action
Structure
Subject + V2
Subject + had + V3
Example
He wrote a letter to God.
He had written the letter before sunset.
Use in the story
Narrating events
Showing the order of two past actions
✍️ Practice Tip for Students:
➡️ Use Simple Past to build the main story timeline. ➡️ Use Past Perfect when you want to describe something that happened before another event in the past.
🔷 What is a Simile?
✅ Definition:
A simile is a figure of speech that compares two different things using the words “like” or “as”.
🧠 Purpose:
To create a vivid image in the reader’s mind by comparing something unfamiliar to something familiar.
📘 Similes in “A Letter to God”
Here are the key similes found in the lesson:
1. “It’s during the meal that, as Lencho had predicted, big drops of rain began to fall. In the northeast, huge mountains of clouds could be seen approaching.”
✳️ This is imagery, not a simile, but sets the mood.
2. “During the meal – as Lencho had predicted – big drops of rain began to fall. … The older boys were working in the field, while the smaller ones were playing near the house…”
✳️ No simile here yet – sets the scene.
✅ Key Simile:
➤ “It was during the meal that… the field was white, as if covered with salt.”
🟩 Explanation: The author compares the hail-covered field to being covered with salt using “as if.” 👉 This gives the reader a clear mental image of how completely the hail had destroyed the crops — just like salt completely covering a surface.
✍️ Structure of a Simile:
Subject + is/was/looks like + comparison or Subject + is/was/looks as + adjective + as + comparison
🧪 Examples (Outside the Lesson for Practice):
Simile
Meaning
He is as brave as a lion.
Compares his bravery to a lion.
The night was as black as coal.
Compares darkness to coal.
She sings like a nightingale.
Compares her voice to a bird’s.
📝 Practice Task:
Make your own similes:
The rain fell like __________.
The sky was as blue as __________.
He worked as hard as __________.
🔶 What is a Metaphor?
✅ Definition:
A metaphor is a figure of speech where one thing is said to be another, to suggest they are alike in a certain way — without using “like” or “as.”
🧠 Purpose:
To make writing more imaginative, emotional, or vivid by comparing two unlike things directly.
📘 Metaphors in “A Letter to God”
✅ 1. “It was during the meal that, as Lencho had predicted, big drops of rain began to fall. In the northeast, huge mountains of clouds could be seen approaching.”
🟡 Explanation:
“Mountains of clouds” is a metaphor.
The clouds are compared to mountains, suggesting that they were large and heavy.
It helps the reader visualize the stormy sky.
✅ 2. “In the hearts of all who lived in that solitary house in the middle of the valley, there was a single hope: help from God.”
🟡 Explanation:
“In the hearts… there was a single hope” is metaphorical.
It doesn’t mean literally inside the heart, but emotionally and mentally, they had strong faith and hope.
✅ 3. “It was during the meal that… the older boys were working in the field, while the smaller ones were playing near the house.”
👉 Not a metaphor, but part of the realistic scene.
✅ 4. “It’s during the meal that, as Lencho had predicted, big drops of rain began to fall… The older boys were working in the field…”
🟡 Key metaphor:
Raindrops are called “new coins.”
“In the hearts of all who lived in that solitary house… the older boys were working in the field… It’s during the meal… The big drops are new coins: the big ones are ten cent pieces and the little ones are fives.”
🟩 Explanation:
Rain is not literally money, but to Lencho, the rain means income, prosperity, and food.
This metaphor expresses his hope and dependency on nature.
🔄 Difference Between Simile and Metaphor
Simile
Metaphor
Uses “like” or “as”
Doesn’t use “like” or “as”
He is like a lion.
He is a lion.
✍️ More Examples of Metaphors (for practice)
Metaphor
Meaning
Time is a thief.
Time passes quickly and steals moments.
He has a heart of stone.
He is very unkind or emotionless.
Books are keys to wisdom.
Books help open the mind, like keys open locks.
📝 Practice Task for Students:
Write your own metaphors:
Life is a __________.
Her voice is __________.
The classroom was a __________.
🟢 What is Symbolism?
✅ Definition:
Symbolism is a literary device where an object, person, situation, or action represents something deeper or abstract, such as an idea, belief, or emotion.
🧠 In simple terms:
A symbol is something that stands for something else.
📘 Symbolism in “A Letter to God”
This lesson beautifully uses symbols to express deeper meanings about faith, nature, and hope.
✅ **1. Rain / Raindrops = Hope, Blessings, Wealth
Quote:“It’s during the meal… the big drops are new coins: the big ones are ten cent pieces and the little ones are fives.”
Symbol Meaning:
The rain symbolizes Lencho’s hope for a good harvest and his faith in nature.
The comparison with coins shows how valuable the rain is to the farmer.
✅ **2. Hailstones = Destruction, Cruelty of Nature
Quote:“It’s during the meal… It’s during the meal that… the field was white, as if covered with salt.”
Symbol Meaning:
The hailstones symbolize loss and suffering.
What was first a blessing (rain) becomes a curse (hail), showing how nature can change suddenly.
✅ **3. The Letter to God = Faith
Symbol Meaning:
The letter represents Lencho’s deep and unshakable faith in God.
He believes so strongly that God will help that he writes to Him just like someone writes to a real person.
✅ **4. The Postmaster and His Friends = Humanity, Kindness
Symbol Meaning:
The people at the post office symbolize the goodness and compassion in human beings.
Even though they aren’t divine, they still help Lencho, which shows that God works through people.
✅ **5. Lencho Calling Them “A Bunch of Crooks” = Irony of Innocence
Symbol Meaning:
Lencho’s disappointment and anger are symbolic of blind faith.
He doesn’t realize the real people who helped him, which highlights the gap between belief and reality.
✨ Summary Table
Symbol
Represents
Rain
Hope, prosperity, blessing
Hailstones
Loss, destruction, cruelty of nature
Letter to God
Faith, trust in the divine
Postmaster
Human kindness, generosity
Lencho’s reaction
Innocent faith, irony, misunderstanding
📝 Activity for Students:
Match the symbol with its meaning:
Symbol
A. Human kindness
1. Rain
2. Hailstones
3. Letter to God
4. Postmaster
5. Lencho’s anger
→ Answer Key: 1. C, 2. D, 3. B, 4. A, 5. E (you can assign meanings as B, C, D, E etc.)
.
🟢 Chapter on Voice Change: Active and Passive Voice
✅ Introduction to Voice Change
In grammar, Voice refers to the form of a verb that shows the relationship between the subject and the action. There are two voices in English:
Active Voice
Passive Voice
Active Voice
In an active voice sentence, the subject performs the action of the verb. Example:
Lencho wrote a letter to God. In this sentence, Lencho (subject) is performing the action of writing the letter.
Passive Voice
In a passive voice sentence, the object of the action becomes the subject of the sentence, and the action is done by someone or something (the doer). Example:
A letter was written by Lencho to God. Here, A letter (object) becomes the subject, and the action is performed by Lencho (the doer).
🔷 When to Use Active and Passive Voice
Active voice is more direct, clear, and generally preferred in most writing and speech.
Passive voice is used when the doer is unknown, irrelevant, or when we want to emphasize the action rather than the doer.
🔵 Rules for Changing from Active to Passive Voice
Here are the basic rules for converting an active voice sentence to passive voice:
Identify the subject, verb, and object in the active voice sentence.
Object becomes the subject in the passive voice.
The verb is changed according to tense.
The subject (who is performing the action) is introduced with the preposition ‘by’ (if needed).
Steps to Change from Active to Passive:
Identify the tense of the sentence.
Change the verb form according to the tense.
Place the object of the active sentence as the subject of the passive sentence.
Add ‘by’ (the agent of the action) at the end, if required.
🟠 Active to Passive Voice Conversion Rules for Different Tenses
Active Voice: Subject + was/were + V1 + ing + Object
Passive Voice: Object + was/were + being + V3 + by + Subject
Example:
Active:They were writing the essay.
Passive:The essay was being written by them.
6. Past Perfect Tense
Active Voice: Subject + had + V3 + Object
Passive Voice: Object + had + been + V3 + by + Subject
Example:
Active:He had finished the work before the deadline.
Passive:The work had been finished by him before the deadline.
7. Simple Future Tense
Active Voice: Subject + will/shall + V1 + Object
Passive Voice: Object + will/shall + be + V3 + by + Subject
Example:
Active:The company will release the product next year.
Passive:The product will be released by the company next year.
🔶 Changing Imperative Sentences from Active to Passive Voice
Active:Please complete the assignment.
Passive:Let the assignment be completed.
Active:Close the door.
Passive:Let the door be closed.
🟣 Examples for Practice
Active Voice
Passive Voice
The teacher teaches the lesson.
The lesson is taught by the teacher.
The students are writing a letter.
A letter is being written by the students.
The chef has prepared the meal.
The meal has been prepared by the chef.
The committee will announce the results.
The results will be announced by the committee.
They had built a new bridge.
A new bridge had been built by them.
📝 Exercise for Students:
A. Change the following sentences from Active to Passive:
The manager is giving a presentation.
The cat chased the mouse.
The teacher has taught the lesson.
People speak English all over the world.
They will finish the project by next month.
B. Change the following sentences from Passive to Active:
The book was read by the children.
The homework was completed by the students.
The letter will be posted by the clerk.
The painting was admired by the visitors.
The report had been prepared by the team.
📌 Conclusion
Understanding Voice Change is an important part of grammar because it helps students express the same idea in different ways, focusing either on the subject (who is doing the action) or the object (who is receiving the action). The passive voice is particularly useful when the doer is unknown, unimportant, or when the action itself needs to be emphasized.
📚 Chapter: Speech or Narration (Direct and Indirect Speech)
🔶 What is Speech or Narration?
In grammar, speech or narration refers to the way we report what someone else has said. There are two main ways to report speech:
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
🔹 1. Direct Speech
✅ Definition:
Direct speech refers to reporting the exact words of the speaker, as they were said. It is placed within quotation marks (” “) to show that the words are exactly as they were spoken.
🧠 Structure:
Subject + Reporting Verb + “Direct speech” (in quotation marks)
✅ Examples:
He said, “I am going to the market.”
The exact words spoken are enclosed in quotation marks.
She asked, “Can you help me with this work?”
A question is also part of direct speech and is enclosed in quotation marks, followed by a question mark.
🔹 2. Indirect Speech (Reported Speech)
✅ Definition:
Indirect speech is when we report what someone said, but we do not use their exact words. Instead, we paraphrase the speech.
The word “that” is optional and is used for clarity (though it’s often omitted in informal speech).
The tense and pronouns change when transforming from direct to indirect speech.
✅ Examples:
Direct Speech: He said, “I am going to the market.”
Indirect Speech: He said that he was going to the market.
Direct Speech: She asked, “Can you help me with this work?”
Indirect Speech: She asked if I could help her with that work.
🔶 Rules for Changing Direct Speech into Indirect Speech
Change in Pronouns Pronouns in the direct speech are changed to suit the subject of the indirect speech.
Example: She said, “I am going to the market.” → She said that she was going to the market.
Tense Change When converting direct speech to indirect speech, the tense of the reporting speech is changed according to certain rules: Direct Speech (Present Simple)Indirect Speech (Past Simple)He says, “I play football.”He said that he played football.
Present Continuous → Past Continuous
She said, “I am eating lunch.” → She said that she was eating lunch.
Present Perfect → Past Perfect
He said, “I have finished my homework.” → He said that he had finished his homework.
Past Simple → Past Perfect
She said, “I went to the market yesterday.” → She said that she had gone to the market the previous day.
No Change in Tense (for Universal Truths or General Statements) If the reporting verb is in the present tense or the statement is a universal truth, the tense remains unchanged.
Example: She says, “The sun rises in the east.” → She says that the sun rises in the east. (No tense change)
Changing of Time Expressions Some time expressions change when converting from direct to indirect speech: Direct SpeechIndirect Speechtoday → that daytomorrow → the next dayyesterday → the previous daynow → thenhere → there Example:
Direct Speech: He said, “I will come tomorrow.”
Indirect Speech: He said that he would come the next day.
🔹 Interrogative Sentences (Questions)
✅ Yes/No Questions:
In indirect speech, we use if or whether after the reporting verb.
Direct Speech: She said, “Are you coming to the party?”
Indirect Speech: She asked if I was coming to the party.
✅ Wh-Questions:
In indirect speech, we do not use “if” or “whether” but use the wh-word in its appropriate form.
Direct Speech: He said, “Where are you going?”
Indirect Speech: He asked where I was going.
🔸 Imperative Sentences (Commands, Requests)
✅ Structure for Commands/Requests:
Direct Speech: “Close the door.” → Indirect Speech: He told me to close the door.
Direct Speech: “Please help me.” → Indirect Speech: He requested me to help him.
📝 Practice Exercise
Change the following sentences into Indirect Speech:
He said, “I have completed my homework.”
She said, “Can you give me a pen?”
“Please bring me a glass of water,” she said.
“I will help you with your studies,” he said.
“Do you need any help?” he asked.
🧑🏫 Summary Table
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
She said, “I am going to the market.”
She said that she was going to the market.
He said, “I can solve this problem.”
He said that he could solve that problem.
“Are you ready?” she asked.
She asked if I was ready.
“Please, don’t disturb me,” he said.
He requested not to disturb him.
📝 Homework Assignment:
Write 5 sentences in Direct Speech and convert them into Indirect Speech.
Speech or Narration is used to report what someone else has said. Direct Speech reports the exact words spoken by the speaker, while Indirect Speech (also called Reported Speech) reports the meaning of what was said without quoting the exact words.
Types of Speech:
Direct Speech: When the exact words of the speaker are quoted. Example:
Direct Speech:She said, “I am going to the market.”
Indirect Speech (Reported Speech): When the meaning of the speaker’s words is reported without using the exact words. Example:
Indirect Speech:She said that she was going to the market.
Rules for Changing Direct Speech to Indirect Speech:
1. Change of Pronouns:
In indirect speech, pronouns change according to the context or the person who is reporting the speech.
Example:
Direct Speech:He said, “I am going to school.”
Indirect Speech:He said that he was going to school.
Here, “I” changes to “he” because the speaker is referring to someone else.
2. Change of Tense:
When the reporting verb (e.g., said, told, etc.) is in the past tense, the tense of the verb in direct speech generally changes.
Direct Speech Tense
Indirect Speech Tense
Present Simple → Past Simple
He said, “I like ice cream.” → He said that he liked ice cream.
Present Continuous → Past Continuous
She said, “I am reading a book.” → She said that she was reading a book.
Present Perfect → Past Perfect
They said, “We have completed the task.” → They said that they had completed the task.
Past Simple → Past Perfect
He said, “I went to the market.” → He said that he had gone to the market.
Past Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous
She said, “I was watching TV.” → She said that she had been watching TV.
Future Simple → Conditional
He said, “I will meet you tomorrow.” → He said that he would meet me tomorrow.
3. Omitting Quotation Marks:
In indirect speech, quotation marks are not used around the reported speech.
Example:
Direct Speech:She said, “I am happy.”
Indirect Speech:She said that she was happy.
4. Use of ‘That’ to Introduce Reported Speech:
In most cases, the conjunction ‘that’ is used to introduce the indirect speech. However, ‘that’ can be omitted in informal speech.
Example:
Direct Speech:He said, “I am going to the library.”
Indirect Speech:He said that he was going to the library. (With ‘that’)
He said he was going to the library. (Without ‘that’)
5. Change in Time Expressions:
When converting direct speech to indirect speech, time expressions often change.
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
Now → Then
He said, “I will do it now.” → He said that he would do it then.
Today → That day
She said, “I will see you today.” → She said that she would see me that day.
Tomorrow → The next day / The following day
He said, “I will call you tomorrow.” → He said that he would call me the next day.
Yesterday → The previous day
They said, “We went there yesterday.” → They said that they had gone there the previous day.
6. Change in Modals:
Modals used in direct speech may also change in indirect speech. Here’s how:
Direct Speech Modals
Indirect Speech Change
Can → Could
He said, “I can help you.” → He said that he could help me.
May → Might
She said, “I may come later.” → She said that she might come later.
Will → Would
He said, “I will go tomorrow.” → He said that he would go tomorrow.
Shall → Should
I said, “I shall help you.” → I said that I should help him.
Must → Had to
He said, “I must finish my work.” → He said that he had to finish his work.
7. Questions in Indirect Speech:
In indirect speech, questions are changed into statements, and the word order is adjusted. Additionally, question marks are removed.
Yes/No Questions:
Direct Speech:He asked, “Are you coming?”
Indirect Speech:He asked if/whether I was coming.
Wh- Questions (Questions with words like who, what, where, etc.):
Direct Speech:She asked, “Where do you live?”
Indirect Speech:She asked where I lived.
8. Commands, Requests, and Suggestions:
When a command, request, or suggestion is reported, we use ‘to’ and the verb in the bare infinitive form (without “to”).
Commands/Orders:
Direct Speech:The teacher said, “Open the window.”
Indirect Speech:The teacher ordered to open the window.
Requests:
Direct Speech:He said, “Please help me.”
Indirect Speech:He requested to help him.
Suggestions:
Direct Speech:She said, “Let’s go for a walk.”
Indirect Speech:She suggested going for a walk.
Examples:
Direct:He said, “I am feeling sick.” Indirect:He said that he was feeling sick.
Direct:“I can swim very well,” said John. Indirect:John said that he could swim very well.
Direct:She asked, “Where are you going?” Indirect:She asked where I was going.
Direct:He said, “I will visit you tomorrow.” Indirect:He said that he would visit me the next day.
Conclusion:
Converting direct speech to indirect speech requires following certain rules for changing pronouns, tenses, time expressions, and word order. Understanding these rules helps in accurately reporting what someone has said without quoting them directly.
📘 Chapter: Conditional Sentences
1. What are Conditional Sentences?
Conditional sentences express hypothetical situations and their possible outcomes. These sentences often describe what might happen or what would happen under certain conditions.
2. Structure of Conditional Sentences
Conditional sentences are generally made up of two parts:
Condition (if-clause) – This part expresses the condition.
Result (main clause) – This part expresses the result that will happen if the condition is met.
Formula:
If + condition, result.
3. Types of Conditional Sentences
There are four main types of conditional sentences. Each one expresses a different level of possibility or probability.
A. Zero Conditional (Real Conditional)
Structure:
If + Present Simple, Present Simple (Used for general truths, facts, or things that always happen under certain conditions.)
Example:
If you heat water to 100°C, it boils.
If it rains, the ground gets wet.
Explanation:
The zero conditional describes things that are always true. It expresses a cause and effect relationship.
B. First Conditional (Real Possibility)
Structure:
If + Present Simple, will + base verb (Used to talk about future events that are likely to happen if a certain condition is fulfilled.)
Example:
If I study hard, I will pass the exam.
If Lencho writes a letter, he will receive help.
Explanation:
The first conditional expresses a possible future event, something that is likely to happen.
C. Second Conditional (Unreal, Hypothetical Present or Future)
Structure:
If + Past Simple, would + base verb (Used for hypothetical situations in the present or future that are unlikely or impossible.)
Example:
If I had a million dollars, I would buy a big house.
If Lencho had enough money, he would send it to God.
Explanation:
The second conditional expresses hypothetical or imaginary situations. It talks about things that are not likely to happen.
D. Third Conditional (Unreal Past)
Structure:
If + Past Perfect, would have + past participle (Used to talk about situations that didn’t happen in the past and their imagined results.)
Example:
If I had known about the event, I would have attended.
If Lencho hadn’t written the letter, he would have faced hunger.
Explanation:
The third conditional talks about past situations that didn’t happen and the imagined result of those missed events.
4. Summary of Conditional Sentences
Type
Structure
Use
Example
Zero Conditional
If + Present Simple, Present Simple
General truths, scientific facts, etc.
If it rains, the ground gets wet.
First Conditional
If + Present Simple, will + base verb
Likely future events
If I study, I will pass the exam.
Second Conditional
If + Past Simple, would + base verb
Unreal or hypothetical situations
If I had money, I would travel abroad.
Third Conditional
If + Past Perfect, would have + past participle
Imaginary situations in the past
If I had known, I would have helped.
5. When to Use Different Conditionals
Situation
Conditional
Talking about facts or general truths
Zero Conditional
Talking about likely future events
First Conditional
Imagining situations that are unlikely or impossible
Second Conditional
Imagining past situations that didn’t happen
Third Conditional
6. Common Mistakes to Avoid
Incorrect use of tense: The verb tense in the “if-clause” must match the conditional type (e.g., Present Simple in the first conditional, Past Simple in the second conditional).
Inconsistent use of auxiliary verbs: In the third conditional, always use “would have” with the past participle in the main clause.
7. Practice Exercises
A. Complete the sentences:
If I (be) a bird, I (fly) to the highest mountain.
If he (study) harder, he (pass) the exam.
If it (rain) tomorrow, we (cancel) the picnic.
If I (have) enough money, I (buy) a new car.
B. Choose the correct answer:
If you (had, would have, would) listened to my advice, you would have been successful.
If I (were, am, will be) you, I would take the offer immediately.
If they (study, studied, had studied) more, they would have passed the test.
8. Conclusion
Conditional sentences are used to express hypothetical situations and their possible outcomes. Understanding the different types of conditionals will help you in both writing and speaking to express realistic and imagined situations clearly.
Chapter Content: Imperative Sentences
1. What is an Imperative Sentence?
Imperative sentences are sentences that give a command, request, or advice. They usually end with a full stop (.) or exclamation mark (!), depending on the tone.
🧠 Key Characteristics of Imperative Sentences:
Command/Order: Tells someone to do something.
Request: Politely asks someone to do something.
Advice/Suggestion: Gives a recommendation or suggestion.
2. Structure of Imperative Sentences
The subject is usually understood and is implied as “you.”
Example: Close the door. (Subject: You)
Imperative sentences typically use the base form of the verb (without ‘to’).
Example: Please write your name.
They can also be polite by adding words like please or kindly.
Example: Please pass the salt.
3. Uses of Imperative Sentences
Giving a Command or Order:
Example: Sit down.
Explanation: A direct order telling someone to sit.
Making a Request or Asking for Something:
Example: Please open the window.
Explanation: A polite way of asking someone to do something.
Offering Advice or Suggestion:
Example: Try to be on time for school.
Explanation: A suggestion or piece of advice for someone.
Giving Instructions or Directions:
Example: Turn left at the traffic light.
Explanation: Giving clear directions.
Inviting or Offering Something:
Example: Help yourself to the food.
Explanation: Offering or inviting someone to do something.
4. Imperative Sentences in “A Letter to God”
In the lesson “A Letter to God,”imperative sentences are used in moments where the characters make requests, give orders, or seek action. Here are some examples:
Example 1: Lencho’s Letter to God
Lencho writes a letter to God, expressing his faith and his need for help:
“Help me, O God.”
Explanation: This is a command/request asking for divine intervention.
Example 2: Postmaster’s Action
The postmaster, after receiving the letter, begins the task of helping Lencho:
“Let us send him the money.”
Explanation: This is a suggestion or invitation to help Lencho.
5. Negative Imperative Sentences
When we want to tell someone not to do something, we use a negative imperative sentence. We form this by adding “Don’t” or “Do not” before the base verb.
Example:
Don’t shout.
Explanation: A command to stop shouting.
6. Examples of Imperative Sentences in the Text (A Letter to God)
Here are some sentences from the text that are imperative:
“Don’t send it to me through the mail.”
Lencho is requesting the help not to be sent through the mail, but through a different means.
“Send me the money at once.”
Lencho commands God to send the money immediately.
7. Exercise: Identifying and Using Imperative Sentences
A. Identify the Imperative Sentences
Read the sentences below and identify which ones are imperative.
“Please write your name on the form.”
“The sun rises in the east.”
“Help me carry this box.”
“She is going to school.”
B. Complete the Sentences
Complete the following sentences using an appropriate imperative.
__________ (Close) the window.
__________ (Don’t touch) that wire!
__________ (Please pass) me the salt.
__________ (Try) to understand the lesson carefully.
8. Summary
An imperative sentence gives commands, requests, advice, or instructions.
The subject is usually implied (understood as “you”).
Polite imperative sentences can use words like please or kindly.
Negative imperatives use don’t or do not to express prohibition.
Examples from the story “A Letter to God” show how characters use imperative sentences to express their needs or give directions.
9. Homework/Practice:
Write five imperative sentences for the following scenarios:
Giving a command to a friend.
Asking someone for a favor.
Offering advice to a sibling.
Giving directions to a tourist.
Making a polite request.
Chapter: Pronouns
🔵 What are Pronouns?
✅ Definition:
A pronoun is a word that replaces a noun (a person, place, thing, or idea) to avoid repetition. Pronouns help make sentences shorter and smoother by substituting for nouns.
🟢 Types of Pronouns
1. Personal Pronouns
These pronouns refer to specific people or things and are often used to show ownership or possession.
Examples: I, you, he, she, it, we, they
Usage:
I am going to the market.
She loves to read books.
They are playing in the garden.
2. Possessive Pronouns
These pronouns show ownership or possession.
Examples: mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs
Usage:
This book is mine.
The house is theirs.
That bag is hers.
3. Reflexive Pronouns
These pronouns are used when the subject and object of the sentence are the same person or thing. They usually end in -self or -selves.
These pronouns are used to indicate a mutual action or relationship between two or more people or things.
Examples: each other, one another
Usage:
They help each other with their homework.
The two friends greeted one another warmly.
5. Demonstrative Pronouns
These pronouns point to specific things or people.
Examples: this, that, these, those
Usage:
This is my favorite book.
I like those shoes.
These are the cookies I baked.
6. Interrogative Pronouns
These pronouns are used to ask questions.
Examples: who, which, what, whose
Usage:
Who is coming to the party?
Which is your favorite color?
What is your name?
7. Indefinite Pronouns
These pronouns refer to non-specific people or things.
Examples: anyone, everyone, someone, none, all, few, many, some, several
Usage:
Someone is at the door.
Anyone can join the meeting.
There are many books on the shelf.
8. Relative Pronouns
These pronouns introduce relative clauses and link them to a noun in the main clause.
Examples: who, whom, whose, which, that
Usage:
The boy who helped me was very kind.
The book that I borrowed is very interesting.
She is the girl whose father is a doctor.
🟠 Pronouns and Their Agreement with Nouns
✅ Gender Agreement:
Pronouns should agree with the gender of the noun they replace.
Examples:
She is my sister. (refers to a female)
He is my brother. (refers to a male)
It is my dog. (refers to an animal or thing)
✅ Number Agreement:
Pronouns should agree with the number (singular or plural) of the noun they replace.
Examples:
He is my friend. (singular)
They are my friends. (plural)
✅ Person Agreement:
Pronouns should also match in person (first person, second person, or third person).
Examples:
I am happy. (first person)
You are happy. (second person)
He is happy. (third person)
🟡 Common Errors with Pronouns
1. Wrong Pronoun Case
Choosing the wrong case of a pronoun, such as using a subject pronoun when an object pronoun is needed.
Incorrect:Me and John are going to the market.
Correct:John and I are going to the market.
2. Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement
The pronoun must agree with its antecedent (the noun it refers to) in number, gender, and person.
Incorrect:Everyone must bring their books.
Correct:Everyone must bring his or her book.
🟣 Practice Exercises
Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks with the correct pronoun.
______ is going to the party tonight? (Who/Which)
This book is ______ (mine/yours).
She will do it ______ (herself/yourself).
I saw a movie and ______ (liked/love) it.
______ gave me this gift? (Who/Whose)
Exercise 2: Choose the correct pronoun.
This is the girl ______ helped me with my homework.
a) who
b) which
c) whom
The teacher asked ______ would like to speak.
a) who
b) whom
c) which
They took care of ______ at the party.
a) themselves
b) himself
c) herself
🟤 Key Takeaways:
Pronouns are words used to replace nouns and help avoid repetition.
Different types of pronouns serve different functions (personal, possessive, reflexive, etc.).
Always ensure pronouns agree with the noun they replace in gender, number, and person.
📚 Chapter: Articles
Introduction:
Articles are words that define a noun as specific or unspecific. There are three articles in English: A, An, and The.
1. Types of Articles
✅ Indefinite Articles:
A
An
These articles refer to non-specific or general nouns.
A:
Used before words starting with consonant sounds.
Example: I saw a cat in the garden.
An:
Used before words starting with vowel sounds (a, e, i, o, u).
Example: She is an engineer.
✅ Definite Article:
The
This article refers to specific or particular nouns, known to the reader.
The:
Used when referring to something specific, something already mentioned, or something that is unique.
Example: I read the book you gave me.
Example: He is the teacher of English.
2. Uses of Articles
➤ A (Indefinite Article)
Before singular nouns that are general or non-specific:
I need a pen. (any pen, not a specific one)
To show one of something:
I have a friend in Delhi. (referring to just one friend, not specific)
Before professions, jobs, or nationalities:
He is a teacher.
She is a French woman.
➤ An (Indefinite Article)
Before singular nouns starting with a vowel sound (a, e, i, o, u):
I saw an elephant.
She is an honest woman. (Note: “honest” starts with a vowel sound “o”, so “an” is used)
Before singular countable nouns that are general:
There is an apple on the table.
➤ The (Definite Article)
Before specific or known nouns:
The book on the shelf is mine. (A particular book that both the speaker and listener know about)
Before unique things:
The sun rises in the east.
The moon is bright tonight.
Before plural or uncountable nouns when talking about something specific:
The students in my class are friendly.
The water in this bottle is clean.
3. Article Rules and Exceptions
✅ Use of ‘A’ and ‘An’
A is used before a consonant sound, regardless of the actual letter:
a uniform (because “uniform” starts with “yu” which is a consonant sound)
An is used before a vowel sound, regardless of the actual letter:
an hour (because “hour” starts with the vowel sound “a”)
✅ When Not to Use Articles:
With plural and uncountable nouns when talking about them generally:
She likes books. (not “the books”)
Water is essential for life. (not “the water”)
With names of countries, cities, or specific places (unless the country has “the” in its name):
I live in India. (Not “the India”)
She is visiting Paris. (Not “the Paris”)
With names of languages and meals:
He speaks English.
We are having dinner at 7 PM.
4. Common Mistakes with Articles
✅ 1. Misusing “a” or “an”
Incorrect: I have an cat. (if “cat” is singular, it needs the article “a”)
Correct: I have a cat.
✅ 2. Using “the” unnecessarily
Incorrect: I love the reading books.
Correct: I love reading books.
✅ 3. Overuse of “the” in general statements:
Incorrect: The water is life.
Correct: Water is life. (No article is needed here for a general statement.)
5. Examples from “A Letter to God” (Context of Articles)
✅ Example 1:
“It was during the meal that, as Lencho had predicted, big drops of rain began to fall.”
Explanation:The is used here to refer to a specific meal — the meal Lencho and his family were having at that time.
✅ Example 2:
“The house – the only one in the entire valley – sat on the crest of a low hill.”
Explanation:The refers to the specific house that is mentioned earlier, emphasizing its uniqueness.
6. Practice Exercises for Students
Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks with A, An, or The.
He is ___ honest man.
I saw ___ dog in the park.
___ sun rises in the east.
I want to buy ___ apple.
___ students who failed the exam should meet the teacher.
She went to ___ shop to buy ___ book.
Exercise 2: Correct the Mistakes in the Sentences.
She gave me a advice.
He is the doctor I was talking about.
I read the interesting book yesterday.
7. Conclusion:
Articles are an essential part of English grammar. Understanding when to use a, an, or the helps to communicate clearly and effectively. It’s crucial to practice using them in sentences to become more fluent in both writing and speaking.
🟡 Chapter: Determiners
✅ What are Determiners?
Definition:
Determiners are words that come before a noun to give more information about the noun. They help specify or clarify which noun we are talking about.
🔶 Types of Determiners
Determiners can be classified into different categories. Here are the most commonly used types:
1. Articles
Definite Article:The
Used to refer to a specific or particular noun.
Example: The book on the table is mine. (Refers to a specific book known to both the speaker and listener.)
Indefinite Articles:A / An
Used to refer to a non-specific or general noun.
Example: I saw a bird in the garden. (The bird is not specific; it could be any bird.)
2. Demonstratives
Demonstrative Determiners:This, That, These, Those
Used to indicate specific nouns and show distance (either physically or in terms of time).
Example: This book is interesting. (Refers to something near.)
Example: Those students are hardworking. (Refers to something far.)
3. Possessive Determiners
Possessive Determiners:My, Your, His, Her, Its, Our, Their
Used to show ownership or possession.
Example: This is my pencil. (Shows that the pencil belongs to the speaker.)
4. Quantifiers
Quantifiers:Some, Any, Much, Many, Few, Several, All, No, More, Most, Less
Used to indicate quantity or amount.
Example: I have many books. (Shows a large number of books.)
Example: I have some money. (Refers to an unspecified amount of money.)
5. Interrogative Determiners
Interrogative Determiners:What, Which, Whose
Used in questions to inquire about specific things.
Example: Which color do you prefer? (Asking about a specific color.)
Example: Whose pen is this? (Asking about ownership.)
6. Numbers (Cardinal and Ordinal)
Cardinal Numbers:One, Two, Three, etc.
Used to indicate the number of people or things.
Example: I have two books.
Ordinal Numbers:First, Second, Third, etc.
Used to indicate the position or order of things.
Example: She is the first student to arrive.
🟣 Uses of Determiners
1. To identify or specify a noun:
Example: The car is fast. (Specific car)
Example: I need some water. (Non-specific quantity of water)
2. To show ownership or possession:
Example: Her dress is beautiful. (Dress belongs to her)
3. To indicate quantity:
Example: Few people attended the meeting. (Small number of people)
🟢 Examples from the Lesson “A Letter to God”
Here are a few sentences from the story “A Letter to God” (Class 10) that showcase determiners in context:
“The house – the only one in the entire valley – sat on the crest of a low hill.”
Determiner Used:The (definite article) – refers to a specific house.
“It was during the meal that, as Lencho had predicted, big drops of rain began to fall.”
Determiner Used:The (definite article) – refers to the specific meal during which the event took place.
“There was only one hope: help from God.”
Determiner Used:One (numeral determiner) – refers to a single hope.
🔴 Common Mistakes with Determiners
Using ‘a’ before a vowel sound:
Incorrect: I have a apple.
Correct: I have an apple.
Using ‘the’ for general statements:
Incorrect: The children love playing outside. (If talking generally, no ‘the’ needed.)
Correct: Children love playing outside.
📝 Practice Activities
1. Fill in the blanks with the correct determiners:
______ book is on the table. (The, A)
I need ______ apple. (an, the)
______ students in our class are very punctual. (Some, Any)
______ car is parked outside? (Whose, Which)
______ of them can speak French. (Few, A few)
2. Choose the correct determiner:
______ book is mine.
(a) The
(b) A
(c) An
I saw ______ bird flying in the sky.
(a) a
(b) the
(c) some
______ of the students were absent yesterday.
(a) Few
(b) Many
(c) Much
3. Make sentences using the following determiners:
some
my
these
whose
many
🎯 Conclusion
Determiners are essential for understanding which noun is being referred to, how many there are, and who owns something. They help us make our sentences clearer and more specific. Understanding and using determiners correctly is key to mastering grammar in both writing and speaking.
